Immunogram - a blood test, which investigated the components of the immune system. It takes into account the number of cells (leukocytes, macrophages or phagocytes), their percentage and functional activity, as well as "substances" that these cells produce - immunoglobulins (Ig) class A, M, G, E, components of the complement system. Sometimes immunological define "abnormal antibodies - antinuclear factor, rheumatoid factor, antibodies to phospholipids, and others.
Cells of the immune system.
Leukocytes. Their purpose - to identify foreign substances and microorganisms, and deal with them, and store information about them - for the future.
There are kinds of white blood cells ...
1. lymphocytes (T cells: T helper cells, T suppressor, B lymphocytes, null lymphocytes)
2. natural killer (NK)
3. neutrophils (stab and segmented)
4. eosinophils
5. basophilic leukocyte
Macrophages (phagocytes) "eat" the living and dead microbial antigen-antibody complexes (produced in the process of combating viruses, bacteria and their toxins), dead cells of the organism. Macrophage activity is impossible without lymphocytes: they are "helping" the last to recognize antigens, secrete neurotransmitters (substances stimulating or depressing the activity of other immune system cells). Precursors of macrophages, monocytes, the largest cells circulating in the blood.
Lymphocytes.
B cells - a kind of lymphocyte that produces antibodies (immunoglobulins). They got their name from the Latin word "bursa" - handbag, handbags under the name of Fabricius - body, which differentiate (mature) B lymphocytes in birds. In humans this process occurs in the bone marrow.
T-cells - a kind of lymphocyte that control the B-lymphocytes (ie, antibody production). They brand name viagra got the name from the word "the thymus - the organ in which mature.
T-helper cells - a kind of T-lymphocytes, contributing to (help) the synthesis of antibodies (to help - Eng. - "Help").
T-suppressors - a kind of T-lymphocytes, preventing (inhibiting) the synthesis of antibodies (to supress - Eng. - "To suppress, suppress, restrain, prohibit").
Natural killer cells - limfotsitopodobnye cells lacking signs of T-and B-lymphocytes are capable of destroying tumor cells and cells infected with viruses
"Often I see in the immunological cells CD, their number. What is this cell?"
A few words about CD
Clusters of differentiation (CD) - it's antigens, located on the cell surface, the peculiar markers (tags), in which some cells are different from others. So, what tags are on the cell surface depends on its form (the T-lymphocyte, B-lymphocyte, etc.) and its maturity (the ability to perform its functions).
Tags are numbered in the queue according to when they were discovered: the earlier was open cluster, the less his room.
Clusters of differentiation in the laboratories detected with monoclonal antibodies.
Clone - a collection of cells that have emerged from a common cell. Cells are identical clones to 100%, that is, they resemble each other as identical twins. The same cells synthesize the same antibodies. These antibodies are called monoclonal. Most often they are used in the diagnosis and immunological studies.
The most common clusters
* CD2 - a cluster of T-lymphocytes, NK-cells
* CD3 - a cluster of T-lymphocytes
* CD4 - a cluster of T-helper cells and monocytes (the cells that are maturing, becoming macrophages)
* CD8 - T-suppressor
* CD16 - NK-cells (natural killer)
* CD72 - B cells
Other leukocytes.
Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils - a variety of leukocytes. Its name they got for their ability to perceive the different pigments. Eosinophils are seen in mainly acid dyes (eosin, congo red) and blood smears are pink-orange color; basophils - alkaline (hematoxylin, methylene blue), so the smears appear blue-violet; neutrophils - both are so colored gray purple, neutral color.
Nucleus of mature segmented neutrophils - have a waist (so called segmented), the nucleus of immature cells have the form of curved sticks, so they are called stab.
One of the names of neutrophils - microbivores "refers to their ability to englobe microorganisms, but in smaller amounts than do macrophages.
Eosinophils participate in the destruction of parasites (isolated special enzymes, rendering them damaging effect), in allergic reactions (release substances that destroy histamine, prevents the enzymes from the granules of mast cells).
In allergic reactions in the blood are a lot of immunoglobulin E, he is "associated" with the membrane of basophils, promoting their degranulation (ie histamine release from cells). What does it lead, know all the allergies!
Immunoglobulins.
1. IgM - this type of antibody appears before all contact with antigen (microbe), increased their titer (content) in the blood indicates an acute inflammatory process.
2. IgG - antibodies of this class appear after some time after exposure to the antigen. They are involved in the fight against microbes - are connected with the antigens on the surface of the bacterial cell. Then they are joined by other plasma proteins (called complement), and bacterial cells are lysed (broken its shell). In addition, IgG is involved in the occurrence of some allergic reactions.
3. IgA - prevent the penetration of viruses into the body through mucous membranes, though antibodies against bacteria of this class can not protect us, with their toxins, they are coping.
4. IgE - antibodies of this class brand name drugs interact with receptors located on mast cells and basophils. As a result, releasing histamine and other mediators of allergy. Develops its own allergic reaction.
This is interesting ...
A real case that happened in class in clinical immunology at the Medical Institute. Teacher asks: "What is the" si-di "(CD)?" Students are nothing but "CD" can not remember ... A CD - a cluster of differentiation!
Similar abbreviations: SLE and the CEC. SLE - a freely convertible currency, and systemic lupus erythematosus, and the CEC - Central Election Commission and circulating immune complexes.
Mittwoch, 29. Dezember 2010
Montag, 27. Dezember 2010
Walk
It is human nature to live under a roof. Under this same roof, people-person realize most of their vital needs - sleep, eat, learn, get sick, make love and have babies. Adult human beings, tired of fighting for their place under the sun of civilization, is often overlooked is the fact that apart from the roof (option - the ceiling) there is sky, clouds, stars and other such beauties of nature. Sometimes natural roots take up and pulls people simply walk. Just like that, without any cases - pass the legs, breathe fresh air. Terrible, of course, that the phrase "go out" has become synonymous with the word "walk", but the urban dweller is simply no other options.
In contrast to adults, human babies much closer to nature and, accordingly, considerably farther from civilization. Children's natural roots, instincts and needs require much more natural way of life and permanent life under the roof, from a purely biological products, natural, can not be named.
Thus, a child must walk. It is an axiom. Hackneyed phrase, with which everyone agrees. But the practical implementation of undoubted theoretical position is, nevertheless, many questions. How to walk? How long? At what the weather and that this suit? And what is the connection walks and disease? And if you got sick, when you can go?
So, go out, it turns out, one must study. Therefore, for a start, we define the term - what value we put in the word "walk".
So it is assumed that the festivities of children and adults treated festivities somewhat differently. When people talk about the festivities adults, they often involve some arbitrary pastime, mainly sexual orientation (examples: "Ivanov's wife walks in," Sergei Petrovich walks with the mind "). Assume that an adult went for a walk just public opinion can not - and another thing when a dog or a child. The exception - retirees. They were allowed to walk just like, however, and children (again, confirmation of folk wisdom "that old, that small"). It is for the above categories (I repeat - children of all age groups and pensioners) under festivities meant staying outside, not intended to perform any other human functions. That is the main sense of festivals - contact with the factors of nature with a parallel effort to break away from the factors of civilization. Importantly, however, noted that the proximity of pensioners and children make very appropriate use of the first to actively walking the second.
Now let's try to enumerate the advantages of festivities that follow from lack of space.
Any human habitation - it is:
* Storage of bacteria, including pathogens;
* A source of high concentrations of dust, household factors and allergens (carpets, upholstered furniture, wool, paints, dyes, chlorine, etc.);
* Complete lack of contact with the ultraviolet radiation that is not particularly important for adults, but very important for children - it was under the influence of UV rays in the skin to produce vitamin D;
* Any enclosed space leads to a drastic restriction of motor activity.
Stay in the fresh air makes it possible, first of all, to clear the lungs of accumulated dust in their home and improve the functioning of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. Increased energy costs - to maintain body temperature, on the motor activity - has a stimulating effect on all the vital systems of the body, especially on the cardiovascular and immune.
"Rules of festivities" can distinguish three main directions to be considered separately: 1. Early childhood (newborn and the first months of life), 2. Guided healthy children, 3. Relationship festivals and disease.
We consider them in order.
HORSE IN EARLY CHILDHOOD
You should always strive to ensure that the child has been allocated (found) the place where he would walk. In principle, the ideal balcony if you live in a city or a certain place in the yard, if you have your own house. The most difficult situation when there is neither one nor the other: either walk requires a permanent presence near the child's adults who have other things (laundry, cleaning, sleeping, cooking, etc.).
It is not a rational situation where the presence of balconies are made heroic efforts to extricating strollers on the street, and then zataskivaniyu it back. Walking, consisting of rolling carriages from one street to another, the child does not need - my mother is always a lot of cases, and will not be anything good in what you plenty of work up, and coming from work dad will scour the kitchen in search of food. Moreover, it is not necessary that the child sneezed passers-by and dirt was flying from the wheels. Anyone driving on the streets must be due to the need: no assistants, and one must visit the store or dairy kitchen, it's time to visit the clinic in the evening want to walk with her husband and the rest from domestic hassles, no balcony, in the end.
The earlier you teach a child to stay in the open air, the better. Already on the 10 th day of brand name viagra life, you can sit with him on the balcony for about 15-20 minutes. The next day - 2 times in half an hour, gradually increasing the frequency and duration of the festivities, a month of age to make sure that a child spends on the balcony all day. I woke up, fed - to walk. Skidded fed - to walk and so on. On the balcony of a child is always better to sleep and eat after that with a big appetite. And it is unclear why the walk must be 1 or 2 times a day. Special issue - the weather conditions. In normal clothes and child protection from the wind a healthy baby pretty well and feeling well in cold temperatures. That's generally a good idea to remember: for every month of life minus 5 degrees, but not below 15.
By and large, negative temperature deliver much less hassle than positive. In hot weather, especially if the balcony on the sunny side, walking impossible and should seek the most cool place in the house or yard.
Parents are always worried about how to dress the kid who is going for a walk. Answer to this question only after you return. If a child is sweaty and red, make sure the next time down the amount of clothing. Each child reacts differently to the festivities and give universal recommendations virtually impossible. Would be quite understandable if the first time you overdo with clothing. The main thing is that then you did the right conclusions. Usually, if a child is hot, he is naughty and it has quickly entered into the house. Cold is extremely rare - adult cold so terrified that they do not admit it ever. I, at least, has never faced a frozen baby. But children, a striking resemblance to boiled crawfish, seen many times.
HORSE HEALTHY CHILDREN
The most important thing to understand: the metabolism is accompanied by heat. Metabolism in children occurs several times more intense than in adults. Consequently, per unit of time the child produces more heat than an adult. Conclusions: where an adult is cool - the child is normal. Where an adult is normal - the child warm. Where an adult heat - the child is hot.
Stay in the fresh air can never be superfluous. It is important that all of life has not turned into a continuous festivities. But the time free from training, sleeping and eating should be devoted to walks. And it is very important not to overdo the eating and studying - school musical + school + English + computer courses and a sufficient exposure to fresh air - are incompatible. Therefore, parents should always understand the priorities and find a middle ground. What is still needed (important) to be happy - health or level of intelligence?
Clothing: the main rules.
1.
Enough at least! If, without any "telogreechki" can do - bypassed. Develop the habit of a child to dress himself - to choose the number of things. Colds usually do not arise from hypothermia, and from excessive sweating due to an excess of clothes.
2.
"From walking bareheaded develops meningitis - a typical example of a folk tale. Meningitis - an acute infectious disease. In 99% of cases it is caused by a microbe called meningococcus. The probability of meeting with the microbe does not depend on what you have at this time on its head.
3.
In most cases, the child says "I'm cold," the fault of the parents. After all, to put on it three coats and chat with my friends (friends) is significantly easier than walking active (run, play).
4.
It is absolutely pointless gag scarf. None of the scarf is not even close can be compared with the mucosa and sinuses of the capacity for heating the inhaled air.
Bad for a walk with your child the weather is extremely rare (rain, hurricane, blizzard, +40, -30). And you should honestly acknowledge that under the concept of "bad" weather is often hidden candid parental laziness. Although, by and large, not just laziness or employment of the parents to blame. Achievements of civilization: television, computers, toys - are increasingly lead to the fact that staying in the room by the child is regarded as more preferable.
Need for walks should be laid from infancy and regarded the child as the norm, as a prerequisite to a reasonable lifestyle. It is clear that this can be achieved only when the attractiveness of staying in the fresh air is higher than watching cartoons. Active games, wood, mushrooms, fish, ski, sled and slides - fun, especially if it's like an adult. It is difficult to imagine a boy who prefer regular cine boevichok joint trip with his father on a fishing trip. But the actions of adults are often the opposite: "Where are you going! So that was an hour, "" Look - a jacket, dressed up, immediately put on your coat ", etc, etc. The next time a child and he will think ten times - but is it worth to you to communicate and not be simpler to keep the nerves and quietly watch TV?
Residential care and professional workload parents should not limit kids. Teaching self-celebrations - not less important than good taste. From an early age should strive to provide the child with maximum independence - to be close, but not to interfere to explore the world and not to create hysteria about the wet feet and falls. Always desirable cooperative play with other children. In infancy, these other children, usually carry a family that gives you a chance to pick up his offspring a decent company in the future.
Once again I must stress that the most important thing in children's wear - its functionality. Convenience, ease, no problems with the implementation of urgent physiological needs - all this is far more important than the opinion of Aunt Clara, asserting that coat is warmer and prettier than overalls. Unacceptable any clothes, not allowing the child to move normally - run, jump, turn your head, stand on their own after the fall.
HORSE AND DISEASE
The vast majority of the adult population of the parent wants to hear from the pediatrician specific instructions - exactly when and how much is possible and, accordingly, when, and what is not. Immediately have to disappoint you - universal recommendations can not be. But the main factor determining the recommendations - not the weather, not health, not the willingness to sacrifice, grandmothers, and adopted a system of early childhood education.
Elementary example. On the human body there are two major reflex zones - the ear and foot. If the socks and hats were and are a prerequisite for life of the child, the cold effect on these same areas will quickly lead to colds. It would seem, well, what is there to understand? If an early age a child running around barefoot (even though the apartment), and in 3 years gets into the November puddle, then there is absolutely nothing dangerous to health. But the same pool can pose a real threat if, again from an early age, the crowd philoprogenitive relatives ran an infant with socks and slippers in his hands.
Many people, having read the previous paragraph, will regret that the train was gone. But walk still needed. Therefore proceed to the recommendations.
The main danger of walking is associated with supercooling and superheating. Both children have much more easily than adults - in this feature of the growing organism (imperfect systems of thermoregulation and rapid depletion of energy reserves). The main criterion - the behavior of the child. Neither hypothermia or overheating does not occur suddenly (I was going, going, and suddenly froze). If the child no matter what does not complain, no thirst (the first sign of overheating) - no fuss, and walk quietly. The more extreme weather conditions, the less desirable independently (without adults) walk kids - at least because an accompanying person can always be guided by their own feelings.
Now a few specific words about the common cold. The common cold - a disease that arose in connection with hypothermia. Imagine that you or your child in the throat (tonsils at) live bacterium called Staphylococcus (and he really lives in almost 100% of people). Reproduction of this microbe is constantly hampered by the immune Viagra the search for drugs system, and you're in for decades peacefully sosuschestvuete with staphylococcus. Under the influence of hypothermia defenses weaken, the microbe begins to rapidly multiply and cause disease. It is clear that cold - it's not infectious, not contagious, and personal problem of the frozen concrete individual.
And then? The microbe multiplies, the body makes protective antibodies and the disease is retreating. What happens if after a short time you will again supercooled? Staphylococcus begin to multiply, but as developed in the last time antibodies have survived the disease or does not start, or will flow much easier. This is the essence of tempering - consciously activating our own microbes, we finally we bring immunity to such a high level that the cold can not cause disease.
Conclusion - if the slightest hypothermia causes a child's cold, in any case not keep him at home after normalization of temperature and disappearance of symptoms.
By and large, the disease and walking is not only compatible for the following reasons. Firstly, an increase in body temperature cold air causes a spasm of vessels in the skin, reduces heat loss and increases the temperature of the internal organs that are not desirable (the threshold value of - 37.5 C; if the above - you should not walk). Second, physical activity and maintenance of body temperature requires significant energy and more energy is needed to fight the disease.
Thus, a situation where a walk can not be found in the thousands of times less than the situation where a walk is needed.
Can not be in acute infectious diseases - when it really bad - high fever, weakness, pain. It is impossible for some fairly rare disease, which requires strict bed rest (typical example - diphtheria). It is impossible, when the disease is contagious, and even then not always (if the child - the son of a forester, then measles does not interfere with a walk in the woods, but if it is the daughter of an engineer, something wrong to walk the streets and at risk of other children).
Fresh air helps healing and this factor is particularly relevant in diseases of the respiratory tract (pneumonia, bronchitis, tracheitis, laryngitis). It goes without saying that we must consider many factors. For example, a child pneumonia. Began to be treated, returned to normal temperature, improved well-being. Clearly, if you live in the 10 th floor, the elevator does not work, it is difficult to walk (though if you are able to drag a child in her arms, then why not). But walking is necessary, however, carefully - it is important not to move, and the ability to breathe air free of household dust. Therefore, to dress warmly and avoid running and jumping. If it is difficult, you can just stand on the balcony - to breathe.
Remember! When inhaled the cool (cold) air, moisture condenses on the hot respiratory tract and this leads to the hydration of mucus. If, during the festivities in the child appeared cough, which is in the house was not, then it is very (!!!) a positive sign, indicating that a child has a chance to cough up mucus that has accumulated in the lungs. But the actions of relatives are often the opposite - is the kid on the street to cough as he was immediately dragged into the house. And in this case is this: the mucus moist, therefore, increased in volume - if the festivities will be harder to stop the child to breathe, and parents will completely "logical" conclusion - went for a walk and got worse. So either bring it initiated the case to the end, or do not start.
In many diseases associated with an increased formation of mucus in the airways (whooping cough, croup, obstructive bronchitis), cool air is a more important factor in treatment than all drugs combined.
In contrast to adults, human babies much closer to nature and, accordingly, considerably farther from civilization. Children's natural roots, instincts and needs require much more natural way of life and permanent life under the roof, from a purely biological products, natural, can not be named.
Thus, a child must walk. It is an axiom. Hackneyed phrase, with which everyone agrees. But the practical implementation of undoubted theoretical position is, nevertheless, many questions. How to walk? How long? At what the weather and that this suit? And what is the connection walks and disease? And if you got sick, when you can go?
So, go out, it turns out, one must study. Therefore, for a start, we define the term - what value we put in the word "walk".
So it is assumed that the festivities of children and adults treated festivities somewhat differently. When people talk about the festivities adults, they often involve some arbitrary pastime, mainly sexual orientation (examples: "Ivanov's wife walks in," Sergei Petrovich walks with the mind "). Assume that an adult went for a walk just public opinion can not - and another thing when a dog or a child. The exception - retirees. They were allowed to walk just like, however, and children (again, confirmation of folk wisdom "that old, that small"). It is for the above categories (I repeat - children of all age groups and pensioners) under festivities meant staying outside, not intended to perform any other human functions. That is the main sense of festivals - contact with the factors of nature with a parallel effort to break away from the factors of civilization. Importantly, however, noted that the proximity of pensioners and children make very appropriate use of the first to actively walking the second.
Now let's try to enumerate the advantages of festivities that follow from lack of space.
Any human habitation - it is:
* Storage of bacteria, including pathogens;
* A source of high concentrations of dust, household factors and allergens (carpets, upholstered furniture, wool, paints, dyes, chlorine, etc.);
* Complete lack of contact with the ultraviolet radiation that is not particularly important for adults, but very important for children - it was under the influence of UV rays in the skin to produce vitamin D;
* Any enclosed space leads to a drastic restriction of motor activity.
Stay in the fresh air makes it possible, first of all, to clear the lungs of accumulated dust in their home and improve the functioning of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. Increased energy costs - to maintain body temperature, on the motor activity - has a stimulating effect on all the vital systems of the body, especially on the cardiovascular and immune.
"Rules of festivities" can distinguish three main directions to be considered separately: 1. Early childhood (newborn and the first months of life), 2. Guided healthy children, 3. Relationship festivals and disease.
We consider them in order.
HORSE IN EARLY CHILDHOOD
You should always strive to ensure that the child has been allocated (found) the place where he would walk. In principle, the ideal balcony if you live in a city or a certain place in the yard, if you have your own house. The most difficult situation when there is neither one nor the other: either walk requires a permanent presence near the child's adults who have other things (laundry, cleaning, sleeping, cooking, etc.).
It is not a rational situation where the presence of balconies are made heroic efforts to extricating strollers on the street, and then zataskivaniyu it back. Walking, consisting of rolling carriages from one street to another, the child does not need - my mother is always a lot of cases, and will not be anything good in what you plenty of work up, and coming from work dad will scour the kitchen in search of food. Moreover, it is not necessary that the child sneezed passers-by and dirt was flying from the wheels. Anyone driving on the streets must be due to the need: no assistants, and one must visit the store or dairy kitchen, it's time to visit the clinic in the evening want to walk with her husband and the rest from domestic hassles, no balcony, in the end.
The earlier you teach a child to stay in the open air, the better. Already on the 10 th day of brand name viagra life, you can sit with him on the balcony for about 15-20 minutes. The next day - 2 times in half an hour, gradually increasing the frequency and duration of the festivities, a month of age to make sure that a child spends on the balcony all day. I woke up, fed - to walk. Skidded fed - to walk and so on. On the balcony of a child is always better to sleep and eat after that with a big appetite. And it is unclear why the walk must be 1 or 2 times a day. Special issue - the weather conditions. In normal clothes and child protection from the wind a healthy baby pretty well and feeling well in cold temperatures. That's generally a good idea to remember: for every month of life minus 5 degrees, but not below 15.
By and large, negative temperature deliver much less hassle than positive. In hot weather, especially if the balcony on the sunny side, walking impossible and should seek the most cool place in the house or yard.
Parents are always worried about how to dress the kid who is going for a walk. Answer to this question only after you return. If a child is sweaty and red, make sure the next time down the amount of clothing. Each child reacts differently to the festivities and give universal recommendations virtually impossible. Would be quite understandable if the first time you overdo with clothing. The main thing is that then you did the right conclusions. Usually, if a child is hot, he is naughty and it has quickly entered into the house. Cold is extremely rare - adult cold so terrified that they do not admit it ever. I, at least, has never faced a frozen baby. But children, a striking resemblance to boiled crawfish, seen many times.
HORSE HEALTHY CHILDREN
The most important thing to understand: the metabolism is accompanied by heat. Metabolism in children occurs several times more intense than in adults. Consequently, per unit of time the child produces more heat than an adult. Conclusions: where an adult is cool - the child is normal. Where an adult is normal - the child warm. Where an adult heat - the child is hot.
Stay in the fresh air can never be superfluous. It is important that all of life has not turned into a continuous festivities. But the time free from training, sleeping and eating should be devoted to walks. And it is very important not to overdo the eating and studying - school musical + school + English + computer courses and a sufficient exposure to fresh air - are incompatible. Therefore, parents should always understand the priorities and find a middle ground. What is still needed (important) to be happy - health or level of intelligence?
Clothing: the main rules.
1.
Enough at least! If, without any "telogreechki" can do - bypassed. Develop the habit of a child to dress himself - to choose the number of things. Colds usually do not arise from hypothermia, and from excessive sweating due to an excess of clothes.
2.
"From walking bareheaded develops meningitis - a typical example of a folk tale. Meningitis - an acute infectious disease. In 99% of cases it is caused by a microbe called meningococcus. The probability of meeting with the microbe does not depend on what you have at this time on its head.
3.
In most cases, the child says "I'm cold," the fault of the parents. After all, to put on it three coats and chat with my friends (friends) is significantly easier than walking active (run, play).
4.
It is absolutely pointless gag scarf. None of the scarf is not even close can be compared with the mucosa and sinuses of the capacity for heating the inhaled air.
Bad for a walk with your child the weather is extremely rare (rain, hurricane, blizzard, +40, -30). And you should honestly acknowledge that under the concept of "bad" weather is often hidden candid parental laziness. Although, by and large, not just laziness or employment of the parents to blame. Achievements of civilization: television, computers, toys - are increasingly lead to the fact that staying in the room by the child is regarded as more preferable.
Need for walks should be laid from infancy and regarded the child as the norm, as a prerequisite to a reasonable lifestyle. It is clear that this can be achieved only when the attractiveness of staying in the fresh air is higher than watching cartoons. Active games, wood, mushrooms, fish, ski, sled and slides - fun, especially if it's like an adult. It is difficult to imagine a boy who prefer regular cine boevichok joint trip with his father on a fishing trip. But the actions of adults are often the opposite: "Where are you going! So that was an hour, "" Look - a jacket, dressed up, immediately put on your coat ", etc, etc. The next time a child and he will think ten times - but is it worth to you to communicate and not be simpler to keep the nerves and quietly watch TV?
Residential care and professional workload parents should not limit kids. Teaching self-celebrations - not less important than good taste. From an early age should strive to provide the child with maximum independence - to be close, but not to interfere to explore the world and not to create hysteria about the wet feet and falls. Always desirable cooperative play with other children. In infancy, these other children, usually carry a family that gives you a chance to pick up his offspring a decent company in the future.
Once again I must stress that the most important thing in children's wear - its functionality. Convenience, ease, no problems with the implementation of urgent physiological needs - all this is far more important than the opinion of Aunt Clara, asserting that coat is warmer and prettier than overalls. Unacceptable any clothes, not allowing the child to move normally - run, jump, turn your head, stand on their own after the fall.
HORSE AND DISEASE
The vast majority of the adult population of the parent wants to hear from the pediatrician specific instructions - exactly when and how much is possible and, accordingly, when, and what is not. Immediately have to disappoint you - universal recommendations can not be. But the main factor determining the recommendations - not the weather, not health, not the willingness to sacrifice, grandmothers, and adopted a system of early childhood education.
Elementary example. On the human body there are two major reflex zones - the ear and foot. If the socks and hats were and are a prerequisite for life of the child, the cold effect on these same areas will quickly lead to colds. It would seem, well, what is there to understand? If an early age a child running around barefoot (even though the apartment), and in 3 years gets into the November puddle, then there is absolutely nothing dangerous to health. But the same pool can pose a real threat if, again from an early age, the crowd philoprogenitive relatives ran an infant with socks and slippers in his hands.
Many people, having read the previous paragraph, will regret that the train was gone. But walk still needed. Therefore proceed to the recommendations.
The main danger of walking is associated with supercooling and superheating. Both children have much more easily than adults - in this feature of the growing organism (imperfect systems of thermoregulation and rapid depletion of energy reserves). The main criterion - the behavior of the child. Neither hypothermia or overheating does not occur suddenly (I was going, going, and suddenly froze). If the child no matter what does not complain, no thirst (the first sign of overheating) - no fuss, and walk quietly. The more extreme weather conditions, the less desirable independently (without adults) walk kids - at least because an accompanying person can always be guided by their own feelings.
Now a few specific words about the common cold. The common cold - a disease that arose in connection with hypothermia. Imagine that you or your child in the throat (tonsils at) live bacterium called Staphylococcus (and he really lives in almost 100% of people). Reproduction of this microbe is constantly hampered by the immune Viagra the search for drugs system, and you're in for decades peacefully sosuschestvuete with staphylococcus. Under the influence of hypothermia defenses weaken, the microbe begins to rapidly multiply and cause disease. It is clear that cold - it's not infectious, not contagious, and personal problem of the frozen concrete individual.
And then? The microbe multiplies, the body makes protective antibodies and the disease is retreating. What happens if after a short time you will again supercooled? Staphylococcus begin to multiply, but as developed in the last time antibodies have survived the disease or does not start, or will flow much easier. This is the essence of tempering - consciously activating our own microbes, we finally we bring immunity to such a high level that the cold can not cause disease.
Conclusion - if the slightest hypothermia causes a child's cold, in any case not keep him at home after normalization of temperature and disappearance of symptoms.
By and large, the disease and walking is not only compatible for the following reasons. Firstly, an increase in body temperature cold air causes a spasm of vessels in the skin, reduces heat loss and increases the temperature of the internal organs that are not desirable (the threshold value of - 37.5 C; if the above - you should not walk). Second, physical activity and maintenance of body temperature requires significant energy and more energy is needed to fight the disease.
Thus, a situation where a walk can not be found in the thousands of times less than the situation where a walk is needed.
Can not be in acute infectious diseases - when it really bad - high fever, weakness, pain. It is impossible for some fairly rare disease, which requires strict bed rest (typical example - diphtheria). It is impossible, when the disease is contagious, and even then not always (if the child - the son of a forester, then measles does not interfere with a walk in the woods, but if it is the daughter of an engineer, something wrong to walk the streets and at risk of other children).
Fresh air helps healing and this factor is particularly relevant in diseases of the respiratory tract (pneumonia, bronchitis, tracheitis, laryngitis). It goes without saying that we must consider many factors. For example, a child pneumonia. Began to be treated, returned to normal temperature, improved well-being. Clearly, if you live in the 10 th floor, the elevator does not work, it is difficult to walk (though if you are able to drag a child in her arms, then why not). But walking is necessary, however, carefully - it is important not to move, and the ability to breathe air free of household dust. Therefore, to dress warmly and avoid running and jumping. If it is difficult, you can just stand on the balcony - to breathe.
Remember! When inhaled the cool (cold) air, moisture condenses on the hot respiratory tract and this leads to the hydration of mucus. If, during the festivities in the child appeared cough, which is in the house was not, then it is very (!!!) a positive sign, indicating that a child has a chance to cough up mucus that has accumulated in the lungs. But the actions of relatives are often the opposite - is the kid on the street to cough as he was immediately dragged into the house. And in this case is this: the mucus moist, therefore, increased in volume - if the festivities will be harder to stop the child to breathe, and parents will completely "logical" conclusion - went for a walk and got worse. So either bring it initiated the case to the end, or do not start.
In many diseases associated with an increased formation of mucus in the airways (whooping cough, croup, obstructive bronchitis), cool air is a more important factor in treatment than all drugs combined.
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