Antibodies

Immunogram - a blood test, which investigated the components of the immune system. It takes into account the number of cells (leukocytes, macrophages or phagocytes), their percentage and functional activity, as well as "substances" that these cells produce - immunoglobulins (Ig) class A, M, G, E, components of the complement system. Sometimes immunological define "abnormal antibodies - antinuclear factor, rheumatoid factor, antibodies to phospholipids, and others.
Cells of the immune system.
Leukocytes. Their purpose - to identify foreign substances and microorganisms, and deal with them, and store information about them - for the future.

There are kinds of white blood cells ...

1. lymphocytes (T cells: T helper cells, T suppressor, B lymphocytes, null lymphocytes)
2. natural killer (NK)
3. neutrophils (stab and segmented)
4. eosinophils
5. basophilic leukocyte

Macrophages (phagocytes) "eat" the living and dead microbial antigen-antibody complexes (produced in the process of combating viruses, bacteria and their toxins), dead cells of the organism. Macrophage activity is impossible without lymphocytes: they are "helping" the last to recognize antigens, secrete neurotransmitters (substances stimulating or depressing the activity of other immune system cells). Precursors of macrophages, monocytes, the largest cells circulating in the blood.
Lymphocytes.
B cells - a kind of lymphocyte that produces antibodies (immunoglobulins). They got their name from the Latin word "bursa" - handbag, handbags under the name of Fabricius - body, which differentiate (mature) B lymphocytes in birds. In humans this process occurs in the bone marrow.
T-cells - a kind of lymphocyte that control the B-lymphocytes (ie, antibody production). They brand name viagra got the name from the word "the thymus - the organ in which mature.
T-helper cells - a kind of T-lymphocytes, contributing to (help) the synthesis of antibodies (to help - Eng. - "Help").
T-suppressors - a kind of T-lymphocytes, preventing (inhibiting) the synthesis of antibodies (to supress - Eng. - "To suppress, suppress, restrain, prohibit").
Natural killer cells - limfotsitopodobnye cells lacking signs of T-and B-lymphocytes are capable of destroying tumor cells and cells infected with viruses

"Often I see in the immunological cells CD, their number. What is this cell?"
A few words about CD
Clusters of differentiation (CD) - it's antigens, located on the cell surface, the peculiar markers (tags), in which some cells are different from others. So, what tags are on the cell surface depends on its form (the T-lymphocyte, B-lymphocyte, etc.) and its maturity (the ability to perform its functions).
Tags are numbered in the queue according to when they were discovered: the earlier was open cluster, the less his room.
Clusters of differentiation in the laboratories detected with monoclonal antibodies.
Clone - a collection of cells that have emerged from a common cell. Cells are identical clones to 100%, that is, they resemble each other as identical twins. The same cells synthesize the same antibodies. These antibodies are called monoclonal. Most often they are used in the diagnosis and immunological studies.
The most common clusters

* CD2 - a cluster of T-lymphocytes, NK-cells
* CD3 - a cluster of T-lymphocytes
* CD4 - a cluster of T-helper cells and monocytes (the cells that are maturing, becoming macrophages)
* CD8 - T-suppressor
* CD16 - NK-cells (natural killer)
* CD72 - B cells

Other leukocytes.
Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils - a variety of leukocytes. Its name they got for their ability to perceive the different pigments. Eosinophils are seen in mainly acid dyes (eosin, congo red) and blood smears are pink-orange color; basophils - alkaline (hematoxylin, methylene blue), so the smears appear blue-violet; neutrophils - both are so colored gray purple, neutral color.

Nucleus of mature segmented neutrophils - have a waist (so called segmented), the nucleus of immature cells have the form of curved sticks, so they are called stab.

One of the names of neutrophils - microbivores "refers to their ability to englobe microorganisms, but in smaller amounts than do macrophages.

Eosinophils participate in the destruction of parasites (isolated special enzymes, rendering them damaging effect), in allergic reactions (release substances that destroy histamine, prevents the enzymes from the granules of mast cells).

In allergic reactions in the blood are a lot of immunoglobulin E, he is "associated" with the membrane of basophils, promoting their degranulation (ie histamine release from cells). What does it lead, know all the allergies!
Immunoglobulins.

1. IgM - this type of antibody appears before all contact with antigen (microbe), increased their titer (content) in the blood indicates an acute inflammatory process.
2. IgG - antibodies of this class appear after some time after exposure to the antigen. They are involved in the fight against microbes - are connected with the antigens on the surface of the bacterial cell. Then they are joined by other plasma proteins (called complement), and bacterial cells are lysed (broken its shell). In addition, IgG is involved in the occurrence of some allergic reactions.
3. IgA - prevent the penetration of viruses into the body through mucous membranes, though antibodies against bacteria of this class can not protect us, with their toxins, they are coping.
4. IgE - antibodies of this class brand name drugs interact with receptors located on mast cells and basophils. As a result, releasing histamine and other mediators of allergy. Develops its own allergic reaction.

This is interesting ...
A real case that happened in class in clinical immunology at the Medical Institute. Teacher asks: "What is the" si-di "(CD)?" Students are nothing but "CD" can not remember ... A CD - a cluster of differentiation!
Similar abbreviations: SLE and the CEC. SLE - a freely convertible currency, and systemic lupus erythematosus, and the CEC - Central Election Commission and circulating immune complexes.